artikelen
Putting women in their place in Pergamon
Original article in English, summary in Dutch.
Onderzoeken naar de plaats van de vrouw in antieke steden geven aan dat het domein van de vrouwen idealiter het huis was terwijl de bewegingsruimte van mannen veel groter was. Door deze studies, die grotendeels gebaseerd zijn op het klassieke Athene, worden de polariteiten man/vrouw verbonden met die van openbaar/privé. Aan de andere kant lijken Hellenistische vrouwen een grotere mate van vrijheid te hebben genoten door de toename van gevallen van vrouwen die in het openbaar verschenen als invloedrijke koninginnen of weldoeners. De ruimten die belangrijk waren voor vrouwen in de Hellenistische periode blijven echter onontgonnen gebied. In dit artikel wordt gepoogd de plaats en positie van de vrouw in Pergamon in de tweede eeuw vóór Christus vast te stellen. De stad wordt gezien als een verkeerssysteem die richting geeft aan de behoeften van bewoners; door de aard en betekenis van de verschillende ruimten in de stad te onderzoeken, wordt de plaats van vrouwen in dit systeem duidelijker.
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Spinning a yarn on textile production in ancient Greece (900-500 BC)
Greek archaeology is strongly biased towards the masculine-elite sector in society. In this discipline textile-production has received little attention, probably because of its feminine-lower class connotations. Male participation, however, can be conjectured if we consider for example the manufacture of sails or the agricultural requirements for producing fibres. Female occupations are largely known through written, mythological and iconographic evidence. We know more about Penelope and Helena than about women whose bones have been excavated while their attributes and utensils have been neglected. The inadequacy of the identifications of female-related artefacts has led to an imbalance in text-free archaeology in favour of the male-related artefacts. Typical female attributes such as spindle whorls have also been interpreted as beads and buttons. A reinterpretation of these objects from Geometric burials reveals that spindle whorls are the female equivalent of swords in male burials. The whorls in the Geometric graves seem to refer to costly and time-consuming weaves. In the Archaic and Classical poleis, complicated weaves were confined to dedications, while the aristocracy uniformly dressed in plain linen. There are a few indications that men entered the textile business at this time through the establishment of a true textile industry.
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Nude or Naked?
The art historical theory of the development of the female nude in the visual arts appears to be dominated by literary platitudes on the ‘Aphrodite of Knidos’ and the presumed sublime erotic aura of that image. The hierarchical use of the sources at the disposal of Classical archaeology (1. philosophy, 2. literary texts, 3. sculpture, 4. (vase)painting, 5. jewelry) has led to wrong conclusions. Furthermore, scholarly attention has been drawn away from the actual subject of study (the female nude) to the problems of men (the sculptor Praxiteles and the art historian Kenneth Clark). When one sticks with the actual subject, one observes that the female nude was already erotically depicted in the 5th c. BC, and that this had to do with the (semi-)public bathing of women of pleasure.
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Political implications of a recent textual discovery in Israel
In this article the precarious relationship between archaeology, textual sources, and politics is dealt with through the inscription on the fragments of an old Aramaic stele, recently found in Tel Dan, in the northern part of Israel. After the first fragment was found in 1993, the excavator, A. Biran, believed he had unearthed the first extra-biblical proof of the existence of king David; his opinions, however, were opposed by various archaeologists and philologists. Although a second find in 1994 underscored Biran’s view, the inscription remains the subject of tedious discussions in which political as well as linguistic motives play a leading role.
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Dutch and Flemish field archaeology in Turkey
This article describes the changing attitudes towards archaeological fieldwork in Turkey. The funding of many Turkish excavation-projects is becoming increasingly difficult because of inflation and the preference for research on Islamic monuments. The Dutch excavations on Karantina Island (Klazomenai) started in 1987. An article about Klazomenai appeared in TMA 3 (1989). Since then, the remains of a Roman house, abandoned in the early 3rd century, and several pottery-kilns have been excavated. The Belgian excavations in Pessinus were resumed in 1987 and have been described briefly in TMA 3 and in detail in TMA 15 (1995). Present research is directed towards the water supply of the ancient city in an attempt to establish the relationship between the city and the surrounding farmland.
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recensies
Pottery function: a use-alteration perspective
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Women in antiquity: new assessments
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Campagnes de la Méditerranée romaine
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Time, tradition and society in Greek archaeology
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The archaeology of early Rome and Latium
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Pioneers in historical archaeology. Breaking new ground
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